Soil nematode populations beneath faeces from reindeer treated with ivermectin     

Gregor W. Yeates  Jackie T. Hrabok  Antti Oksanen  Mauri Nieminen  Peter J. Waller 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(2):126-133

Abstract

The size and composition of the nematode assemblage in soil beneath faecal material derived from reindeer treated with ivermectin oral, or ivermectin subcutaneous formulations in early winter in northern Finland, was studied over a two-year period. This study was performed on both ungrazed and grazed areas that typify the reindeer habitat of the region and comparisons were also made with soil nematodes recovered from soils receiving untreated faecal material. Although significant differences in numbers of soil nematode fauna were observed between treatments on individual occasions, none of the differences occurred consistently with treatment, or with time. These results showed no adverse environmental impact of the faeces of reindeer given either formulation of ivermectin in early winter on soil nematode communities in subsequent years.  相似文献   

Coffee rust—epidemiology and control     

J.M. Waller 《Crop Protection》1982,1(4):385-404

The history and spread of coffee rust, from its first detection in Sri Lanka to the latest developments in Central America, are discussed. The epidemiology of the disease has been a subject of controversy in the past, but during the last decade most of the questions concerning the mode of spore dispersal seem to have been answered. Although it is necessary to investigate further the influence of host physiology on some epidemiological factors, such as latency and sporulation, sufficient is now known of the epidemiology of the disease to predict its behaviour in different regions and to devise provisional chemical control schedules. Copper fungicides still remain the most widely used chemicals but some of the more modern systemic fungicides are showing great potency. Advances in spraying techniques, with concomitant reductions in volumes and doses, have made chemical control more economic. The chemical control of coffee rust is greatly influenced by socioeconomic and physiographic factors as well as by the agronomy of the crop. Resistant varieties have so far played little part in coffee rust control, but some lines from Arabica-Robusta hybrids may show durable resistance.  相似文献   

The Effect of Experimental Infectious Mastitis on Leukocyte Subpopulations and Cytokine Production in Non-lactating Ewes     

K. Persson Waller  I. G. Colditz 《Zoonoses and public health》1999,46(5):289-299

The interactions between leukocytes and cytokines during the acute response to intramammary infections in the dry mammary gland of sheep were studied. Dry ewes were experimentally infected in one udder half with either Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichta coli, or infused with saline as control. Udder secretion samples, blood samples and udder tissue samples were collected before and 4, 8 and 24 h after infections/infusions. Total and differential leukocyte counts were calculated in both blood and mammary secretions, and flow cytometry was used to detect the presence of CD4+, CD8+, WC1+, IL-2R+, CD18+ or L-selectin+ lymphocytes, CD18+ or L-selectin + neutrophils, and CD14+ leukocytes. Moreover, the concentrations of interleukin-1β+ (IL-1β), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in udder secretions were measured using ELISA, and RT-PCR was used to detect the presence of corresponding cytokine mRNA in udder tissue biopsies. The results suggest an association between the concentrations of IL-1β, IL-8 and the intensity of neutrophil infiltration of the infected gland. Immunologically relevant changes in proportions of lymphocyte subpopulations might also occur in the acute phase of the inflammatory reaction of the udder. Greater cellular and cytokine responses to E. coli infection may have contributed to the milder clinical picture and more rapid resolution of infection than that seen for S. aureus. Enhancing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines may improve defence against bacterial mastitis.  相似文献   

Immunophenotypic and histological characterisation of 109 cases of feline lymphosarcoma     

LJ GABOR  PJ CANFIELD  R MALIK 《Australian veterinary journal》1999,77(7):436-441

OBJECTIVE: To determine and analyse the immunophenotype and histological appearance of naturally occurring cases of lymphosarcoma in Australian cats. DESIGN: A prospective multi-institutional study of naturally occurring feline lymphosarcoma. METHODS: One hundred and eighteen cats were referred for diagnosis and/or management of suspected lymphosarcoma. Tissue samples for histopathological analysis and immunophenotyping were collected as biopsies or at necropsy from 109 cases. Histological classification of the neoplasms followed the Working Formulation Classification System. Four multi-species cross-reactive antibodies were used to classify tumours as having a B or T cell phenotype. RESULTS: Seventy-six (70%) cases were B cell tumours and 28 (26%) were T cell tumours. The remaining 5 (4%) specimens failed to stain with the four antibodies. Histologically, 11 (10%) cases were classified as low-grade, 72 (66%) were medium-grade and 26 (24%) were high-grade tumours. There were no significant associations between age and either histological grade or immunophenotype. Mediastinal and leukaemic cases were significantly more likely to be T cell tumours (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to previously documented studies in the cat, the majority of cases of lymphosarcoma were of B cell phenotype and intermediate histological grade. Based on our data, the histological phenotype of lymphosarcoma is unlikely to predict immunotype, nor are cases of certain immunotypes likely to be of specific histological subtype. Considered in relation to previous reports, the findings suggest that epidemiological factors operating in these cats to produce lymphosarcoma may be different to those operating in North American and UK cat populations.  相似文献   

Effect of intramammary infusion of beta-1,3-glucan or interleukin-2 on leukocyte subpopulations in mammary glands of sheep.     

K P Waller  I G Colditz 《American journal of veterinary research》1999,60(6):703-707

OBJECTIVE: To investigate effects of intramammary infusion of beta-1,3-glucan or recombinant ovine interleukin-2 (rOvIL-2) on blood and mammary leukocyte subpopulations and their expression of various surface antigens in sheep. ANIMALS: 12 healthy multiparous, nonpregnant, nonlactating fine-wool Merino ewes. PROCEDURE: Beta-1,3-glucan in pyrogen-free saline solution (PFSS; n = 6), rOvIL-2 in PFSS (3), or PFSS (3) was infused on days 0 and 7 in 1 udder half of each ewe. Jugular vein blood and mammary secretion samples were taken before infusion and on days 2, 7, and 21 after infusion. Total and differential leukocyte counts were obtained, and blood and mammary cells were labeled for flow cytometry. RESULTS: Slight swelling of the mammary glands was observed on day 2 after rOvIL-2 but not after beta-1,3-glucan infusion. Both substances induced significant increase in mammary secretion leukocyte numbers, compared with controls. Beta-1,3-Glucan induced an influx of monocyte/macrophages, whereas neutrophils were the predominating cell population after rOvIL-2 infusion. Beta-1,3-glucan induced selection for CD4+, B-cell+, WC1+, and L-selectin+ lymphocytes on day 14 after infusion. By comparison, rOvIL-2 induced selection for B-cell+ and L-selectin+ lymphocytes on days 14 and 21 and depletion of CD8 and, to some degree, of IL-2R+ lymphocytes. Beta-1,3-Glucan induced an increase in the proportion of CD14+ leukocytes, indicating selective migration of monocyte/ macrophages to the nonlactating udder. CONCLUSION: Beta-1,3-Glucan and rOvIL-2 can modulate nonspecific immunity in the udder of sheep but may exert their effects by differing mechanisms. Clinical Relevance-Stimulation of the nonspecific defense against udder infections may improve control of mastitis.  相似文献   

Heterozygote detection for maple syrup urine disease in cattle     

PJ HEALY  JA DENNIS 《Australian veterinary journal》1995,72(9):346-348

SUMMARY The clinical, pathological and biochemical manifestations of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) are similar in Poll Hereford and Poll Shorthorn X Poll Hereford calves. No significant differences were observed in branched-chain amino acid concentrations in plasma, or of branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase activity in fibroblasts, between Poll Herefords homozygous normal and heterozygous for the mutation responsible for MSUD. Haemopoietic chimerism resulted in incorrect diagnosis of the MSUD genotype in 30% of non-identical twins when blood DNA was analysed using allele-specific amplification. Hair roots are shown to be a suitable source of target DNA for genotyping Poll Hereford cattle for the MSUD mutation. Twelve of 203 (5.8%) aged Poll Hereford bulls, sampled at saleyards during the last 4 months of 1993, were found to be heterozygous for the mutation. In contrast, the mutant sequence was detected in only 1 of 150 (0.7%) 2- and 3-year-old Poll Hereford bulls offered for sale at 2 stud sales held during 1993, suggesting that the prevalence of the disease may decline over the next few years.  相似文献   

Regulation of Prostaglandin Secretion and Proliferation of Bovine Endometrial Stromal Cells by Platelet-activating Factor     

U Tiemann  JA Davidson  PJ Hansen 《Reproduction in domestic animals》1995,30(3):141-143

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Ivermectin in ovine parasite control.     

P J Waller  I A Barger 《The Veterinary record》1992,130(26):583-584

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βbT-mannosidosis in Salers calves in Australia     

PJ HEALY  GN KIDD  RE REUTE  C BUNCE  I HOSIE  T STAPLETON 《Australian veterinary journal》1992,69(6):145-145

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The comparative pathogenicity of four serovars of Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

RJ ROGERS  LE EAVES  PJ BLACKALL  KF TRUMAN 《Australian veterinary journal》1990,67(1):9-12

The pathogenicity of 2 isolates of each of serovars 7, 3, 1 and 2 of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was tested by intranasal inoculation into 60, 6-week-old large white pigs. Four dose rates varying from 0.27 to 560 x 10(6) organisms per pig with 10-fold serial dilutions were used. Surviving pigs were necropsied 7 days after inoculation. The proportion of pigs dying and developing gross lesions following infection was significantly greater for pigs given serotype 1 than for each of the other 3 serotypes, which did not differ significantly from each other. Twelve of 16 pigs given either of the 2 isolates of serovar 1 died after acute illness and 1 of 44 pigs given either of the 2 isolates each of serovars 7, 3 and 2 died. Pigs given serovar 1 showed high temperatures, severe respiratory distress, frothy haemorrhagic nasal discharge and weight loss. Lung lesions were produced in all 16 pigs given serovar 1, in 7 of 14 pigs given serovar 7, 7 of 14 pigs receiving serovar 3 and in 5 of 16 pigs given serovar 2. The lethal infections were characterised by a severe acute fibrinohaemorrhagic necrotising pleuropneumonia, whereas non-lethal cases had lung lesions ranging from necrotising purulent pleuropneumonia to abscessation. Significant differences between isolates in proportions of tissues culture positive for A. pleuropneumoniae for serovars 7 and 2, but not for serovars 3 and 1 suggested that isolates may vary in virulence within serovars, but more detailed studies are needed to clarify this point.  相似文献